Mahmud Pasha Angelović

Not to be confused with Mahmud Pasha (admiral), the mid-19th century Ottoman admiral
Veli Mahmud Pasha
Mahmud-paša Anđelović
Born 1420
Novo Brdo, Serbian Despotate
(modern Serbia)
Died 1474 (aged 54)
Allegiance  Ottoman Empire
Years of service 1456-1474
Rank Grand Vizier
Battles/wars Siege of Belgrade

Mahmud Pasha or Mahmud-paša Anđelović (1420–1474), also known simply as Adni, was a Serbian-born[A] of Byzantine noble descent (Angeloi[1]) who became an Ottoman general and statesman, after being abducted as a child by the Sultan.[2] As Veli Mahmud Paşa he was Grand Vizier in 1456–1468 and again in 1472–1474. A capable military commander, throughout his tenure he led armies or accompanied Mehmed II on his own campaigns.[3]

Contents

Origin and early life

After the Ottoman conquest of Thessaly in 1394, the ruling Angeloi Philanthropenoi family took refuge in Serbia. The grandchildren of either Alexios or Manuel were Mahmud Pasha and his brother Mihailo Anđelović.

He was born in 1420, in the village of Novo Brdo, present-day Serbia.[A] He was abducted in 1427, during an Ottoman invasion of the Serbian Despotate[4] by the Ottoman Turks (Devşirme, an Ottoman practice), and was sent together with two other boys to Edirne.[5] According to Laonikos Chalkokondyles he was captured by the horsemen of Sultan Murad II, while traveling with his mother from Novo Brdo to Smederevo.[1] He was raised a muslim according to the practice.[4]

Life

A capable soldier, he was married to a daughter of Sultan Mehmed II. After distinguishing himself at the Siege of Belgrade (1456), he was raised to the position of Grand Vizier as a reward, succeeding Zagan Pasha.[6]

In 1458, the Serbian Despot Lazar Branković died. Mahmud's brother Mihailo became member of a collective regency, but he was soon deposed by the anti-Ottoman and pro-Hungarian faction in the Serbian court. In reaction, Mahmud attacked and seized Smederevo Fortress, although the citadel held out, and seized some additional strongholds in its vicinity. Threatened by a possible Hungarian intervention however he was forced to withdraw south and join the forces of Sultan Mehmed II at Skopje.[7] In 1461, he accompanied Mehmed in his campaign against the Empire of Trebizond, the last surviving fragment of the Byzantine Empire. Mahmud negotiated the surrender of the city of Trebizond with its treasurer, the scholar George Amiroutzes, who was also his cousin.[8]

In 1463 Mahmud led the invasion and conquest of the Ottoman vassal state of Bosnia, even though a peace treaty between Bosnia and the Ottomans had just been renewed. He captured the Bosnian king, Stephen Tomašević, at Ključ, and obtained from him the cession of the country to the Empire.[7]

Mahmud was dismissed in 1468 due to the machinations of his successor, Rum Mehmed Pasha, ostensibly due to irregularities regarding the resettlement of the Karamanids in Constantinople following Karaman's conquest earlier in that year.[9] He was reinstated in 1472, but his relations with the Sultan were now strained. He was dismissed and executed in 1474, allegedly because of Mehmed's son, prince Mustafa. Mahmud had been at loggerheads with Mustafa after divorcing his second wife for spending a night in the same house as Mustafa during Mahmud's absence on campaign in 1473. Mustafa's death later in 1474 was even attributed by later accounts to poisoning by Mahmud.[10]

See also

References

  1. ^ The ethnicity of Mahmud-Pasha is disputed.[1] The contemporary Ecthesis Chronica and Historia Patriarchia says he was from Serbia, and ethnic Serb.[1] Most modern historians accept that he was from Serbia.[1] Ibn Kemal is the only Ottoman source that explicitly say that he was "from the mines of Serbia" (Novo Brdo).[1] Some Ottoman authors give other information: The 16th-century biographer Asik Celebi says that Mahmud was from Kruševac,[1] also some late Ottoman historians claim he was Croat in origin.[1] The claim of his Croat origin is from a letter to Venice where he is signed "Abogovic the Croat".[1] Three points make the latter assumption implausible: It is contradicted by all Byzantine sources,[1], It would imply he was born Catholic - strange given his relations to Byzantine Orthodox Christians,[1] and his geographical origin in Serbia - both of his possible birthplaces were in the Serbian/Orthodox world, far from Catholic influence.[1] There was some considerable confusion over the terms "Croat" and "Serb" in these times, which suggest that "Croat" in this case would mean someone from the wider South Slavic area.[1] The Serb origin is the most likely, supported by Chalkokondyles and the most notable of Ottoman authors Ibn Kemal.[1] His brother, and family, is known in all sources as Orthodox, ethnic Serb.[11]
    Modern sources indicating ethnic Serb origin:[1][12][11][13]
    Modern souces indicating ethnic Croat origin:[2][14][12]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Stavrides (2001), pp. 73–74
  2. ^ a b Miller, Barnette (1941). The Palace school of Muhammad the Conqueror. Harvard University Press. p. 7. 
  3. ^ Finkel (2006), pp. 78–79, 559, 560
  4. ^ a b Finkel (2006), pp. 59–60, 48
  5. ^ Enes Duraković, Esad Duraković, Fehim Nametak, Đenana Buturović, Bošnjačka književnost u književnoj kritici, 1990, p. 142, Google Books
  6. ^ Finkel (2006), p. 78
  7. ^ a b Finkel (2006), p. 60
  8. ^ Finkel (2006), p. 62
  9. ^ Finkel (2006), pp. 78–79
  10. ^ Finkel (2006), p. 79
  11. ^ a b Gabriel Piterberg, Teofilo F. Ruiz, Geoffrey Symcox, Braudel revisited: the Mediterranean world, 1600-1800, p. 93
  12. ^ a b Ayvansarayı̂; Crane, Hafız Hüseyin; Howard (2000). The garden of the mosques: Hafiz Hüseyin al-Ayvansarayī's guide to the Muslim monuments of Ottoman Istanbul. Brill. p. 28. ISBN 9004112421, 9789004112421. 
  13. ^ E. J. Brill, The encyclopaedia of Islām, Vol 3, p. 136 "Mahmud Pasha", [1]
  14. ^ United Center for Research and Training in History (1998). Bulgarian historical review: Revue bulgare d'histoire. Pub. House of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. p. 48. 

Sources

  • Finkel, Caroline (2006). Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire 1300–1923. London: John Murray. ISBN 978-0-7195-6112-2. 
  • Stavrides, Théoharis (2001). The Sultan of vezirs: the life and times of the Ottoman Grand Vezir Mahmud Pasha Angelovic (1453–1474). Brill. ISBN 9789004121065. 
Preceded by
Zağanos Pasha		 Grand Vizier
1456–1468		 Succeeded by
Rum Mehmed Pasha
Preceded by
Ishak Pasha		 Grand Vizier
1472–1474		 Succeeded by
Gedik Ahmed Pasha
Zagan Pasha (1453–1456) • Veli Mahmud Pasha (1456–1466) • Rum Mehmed Pasha (1466–1469) • Ishak Pasha (1469–1472) • Veli Mahmud Pasha (1472–1474) • Gedik Ahmed Pasha (1474–1477) • Karamani Mehmed Pasha (1477–1481) • Ishak Pasha (1481–1482) • Davud Pasha (1482–1497) • Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha (1497–1498) • Çandarlı Ibrahim Pasha (2nd) (1498–1499) • Mesih Pasha (1499–1501) • Hadim Ali Pasha (1501–1503) • Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha (1503–1506) • Hadim Ali Pasha (1509–1511) • Koca Mustafa Pasha (1511–1512) • Dukakinzade Ahmed Pasha (1512–1515) • Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha (1515–1516) • Hadim Sinan Pasha (1516–1517) • Yunus Pasha (1517) • Piri Mehmed Pasha (1517) • Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha (1523–1536) • Ayas Mehmed Pasha (1536–1539) • Lûtfi Pasha (1539–1541) • Hadim Suleiman Pasha (1541–1544) • Rüstem Pasha (1544–1553) • Kara Ahmed Pasha (1553–1555) • Rüstem Pasha (1555–1561) • Semiz Ali Pasha (1561–1565) • Sokollu Mehmed Pasha (1565–1579) • Şemsi Pasha (1579–1580) • Lala Kara Mustafa Pasha (1580) • Koca Sinan Pasha (1580–1582) • Siyavush Pasha (1582–1584) • Özdemiroğlu Osman Pasha (1584–1585) • Hadim Mesih Pasha (1585–1586) • Siyavush Pasha (1586–1589) • Koca Sinan Pasha (1589–1591) • Ferhad Pasha (1591–1592) • Siyavush Pasha (1592–1593) • Koca Sinan Pasha (1593–1595) • Ferhad Pasha (1595) • Lala Mehmed Pasha (1595) • Koca Sinan Pasha (1595–1596) • Damat Ibrahim Pasha (1596) • Cigalazade Yusuf Sinan Pasha (1596) • Damat Ibrahim Pasha (1596–1597) • Hadim Hasan Pasha (1597–1598) • Cerrah Mehmed Pasha (1598–1599) • Damat Ibrahim Pasha (1599–1601) • Yemişçi Hasan Pasha (1601–1603) • Yavuz Ali Pasha (1603–1604) • Sokolluzade Lala Mehmed Pasha (1604–1606)

Dervish Mehmed Pasha (1606) • Kuyucu Murad Pasha (1606–1611) • Nasuh Pasha (1611–1614) • Kara Mehmed Pasha (1614–1616) • Damat Halil Pasha (1616–1619) • Kara Mehmed Pasha (1619–1619) • Güzelce Ali Pasha (1619–1621) • Ohrili Hüseyin Pasha (1621) • Dilaver Pasha (1621–1622) • Kara Davud Pasha (1622) • Mere Hüseyin Pasha (1622) • Lefkeli Mustafa Pasha (1622) • Gürcü Hadim Mehmed Pasha (1622–1623) • Mere Hüseyin Pasha (1623) • Kemankeş Kara Ali Pasha (1623–1624) • Çerkes Mehmed Pasha (1624–1625) • Filibeli Hafız Ahmed Pasha (1625–1626) • Damat Halil Pasha (1626–1628) • Gazi Ekrem Hüsrev Pasha (1628–1631) • Hafiz Ahmed Pasha (1631–1632) • Topal Recep Pasha (1632) • Tabanıyassı Mehmed Pasha (1632–1637) • Bayram Pasha (1637–1638) • Tayyar Mehmed Pasha (1638) • Kemankeş Mustafa Pasha (1638–1644) • Civankapıcıbaşı Sultanzade Semiz Mehmed Pasha (1644–1645) • Nevesinli Salih Pasha (1645–1647) • Kara Musa Pasha (1647) • Hezarpare Ahmed Pasha (1647–1648) • Mevlevi Mehmed Pasha (1648–1649) • Kara Dev Murad Pasha (1649–1650) • Melek Ahmed Pasha (1650–1651) • Siyavush Pasha (1651) • Gürcü Mehmed Pasha (1651–1652) • Tarhoncu Ahmed Pasha (1652–1653) • Bıyıklı Koca Derviş Mehmed Pasha (1653–1654) • Ipşiri Mustafa Pasha (1654–1655) • Kara Dev Murad Pasha (1655) • Ermeni Süleyman Pasha (1655) • Gazi Hüseyin Pasha (1656) • Zurnazen Mustafa Pasha (1656) • Siyavush Pasha (1656) • Boynuyaralı Mehmed Pasha (1656) • Köprülü Mehmed Pasha (1656–1661) • Köprülü Fazıl Ahmed Pasha (1661–1676) • Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha (1676–1683) ) • Bayburtlu Kara Ibrahim Pasha (1683–1685) • Sarı Süleyman Pasha (1685–1687) • Abaza Siyavuş Pasha (1687–1688) • Ayaşlı İsmail Pasha (1688) • Tekirdağlı Bekri Mustafa Pasha (1688–1689) • Köprülü Fazıl Mustafa Pasha (1689–1691) • Bahadırzade Arabacı Ali Pasha (1691–1692) • Merzifonlu Çalık Hacı Ali Pasha (1692–1693) • Bozoklu (Bıyıklı) Mustafa Pasha (1694) • Sürmeli Ali Pasha (1694–1695) • Elmas Mehmed Pasha (1695–1697) • Köprülü Amcazade Hacı Hüseyin Pasha (1697–1702)

Daltaban Mustafa Pasha (1702–1703) • Rami Mehmed Pasha (1703) • Sührablı Kavanoz Nişancı Ahmed Pasha (1703) • Moralı Damat Hasan Pasha (1703–1704) • Kalaylıkoz Hacı Ahmed Pasha (1704) • Baltaci Mehmed Pasha (1704–1706) • Çorlulu Ali Pasha (1706–1710) • Köprülü Numan Pasha (1710) • Baltaci Mehmed Pasha (1710–1711) • Gürcü Ağa Yusuf Pasha (1711–1712) • Silahdar Süleyman Pasha (1712–1713) • Kel Hoca Ibrahim Pasha (1713) • Silahdar Damat Ali Pasha (1713–1716) • Hacı Halil Pasha (1716–1717) • Tevkii Nişancı Mehmed Pasha (1717–1718) • Nevşehirli Damat Ibrahim Pasha (1718–1730) • Silahdar Damat Mehmed Pasha (1730–1731) • Kabakulak Ibrahim Pasha (1731) • Topal Osman Pasha (1731–1732) • Hekimoğlu Ali Pasha (1732–1735) • Gürcü Ismail Pasha (1735–1736) • Silahdar Seyyid Mehmed Pasha (1736–1737) • Muhsinzade Abdullah Pasha (1737) • Yeğen Mehmed Pasha (1737–1739) • Hacı İvazzade Mehmed Pasha (1739–1740) • Nişancı Ahmed Pasha (1740–1742) • Hekimoğlu Ali Pasha (1742–1743) • Seyyid Hasan Pasha (1743–1746) • Tiryaki Hacı Mehmed Pasha (1746–1747) • Boynueğri Seyyid Abdullah Pasha (1747–1750) • Divitdar Mehmed Emin Pasha (1750–1752) • Çorlulu Köse Bahir Mustafa Pasha (1752–1755) • Hekimoğlu Ali Pasha (1755) • Naili Abdullah Pasha (1755) • Silahdar Bıyıklı Ali Pasha (1755) • Yirmisekizzade Mehmed Said Pasha (1755–1756) • Çorlulu Köse Bahir Mustafa Pasha (1756–1757) • Koca Ragıp Pasha (1757–1763) • Tevkii Hamza Hamid Pasha (1763) • Çorlulu Köse Bahir Mustafa Pasha (1763–1765) • Muhsinzade Mehmed Pasha (1765–1768) • Silahdar Hamza Mahir Pasha (1768) • Yağlıkçızade Nişancı Hacı Mehmed Emin Pasha (1768–1769) • Moldovancı Ali Pasha (1769) • Ivazzade Halil Pasha (1769–1770) • Silahdar Mehmed Pasha (1770–1771) • Muhsinzade Mehmed Pasha (1771–1774) • Safranbolulu Izzet Mehmed Pasha (1774–1775) • Moralı Derviş Mehmed Pasha (1775–1777) • Darendeli Cebecizade Mehmed Pasha (1777–1778) • Kalafat Mehmed Pasha (1778–1779) • Silahdar Karavezir Seyyid Mehmed Pasha (1779–1781) • Safranbolulu Izzet Mehmed Pasha (1781–1782) • Yeğen Hacı Mehmed Pasha (1782) • Halil Hamid Pasha (1782–1785) • Hazinedar Şahin Ali Pasha (1785–1786) • Koca Yusuf Pasha (1786–1789) • Kethüda Meyyit Hasan Pasha (1789) • Cezayirli Gazi Hasan Pasha (1789–1790) • Çelebizade Şerif Hasan Pasha (1790–1791) • Koca Yusuf Pasha (1791–1792)
Damad Melek Mehmed Pasha (1792–1794) • Izzet Mehmed Pasha (1794–1798) • Kör Yusuf Ziyaüddin Pasha (1798–1805) • Hafiz Ismail Pasha (1805–1806) • Ibrahim Hilmi Pasha (1806–1807) • Çelebi Mustafa Pasha (1807–1808) • Alemdar Mustafa Pasha (1808) • Çavuşbaşı Memiş Pasha (1808–1809) • Kör Yusuf Ziyaüddin Pasha (1809–1811) • Laz Aziz Ahmed Pasha (1811–1812) • Hursid Pasha (1812–1815) • Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha (1815–1818) • Dervish Mehmed Pasha (1818–1820) • Seyyid Ali Pasha (1820–1821) • Benderli Ali Pasha (1821) • Hacı Salih Pasha (1821–1822) • Deli Abdullah Pasha (1822–1823) • Silahdar Ali Pasha (1823) • Mehmed Said Galip Pasha (1823–1824) • Mehmed Selim Pasha (1824–1828) • Darendeli Mehmed Pasha (1828–1829)  • Reşid Mehmed Pasha (1829–1833)  • Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha (1833–1839)  • Husrev Pasha (1839–1840) • Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha (1840–1841)  • Darendeli Mehmed Pasha (1841–1842)  • Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha (1842–1846)  • Mustafa Reshid Pasha (1846–1848) • Ibrahim Sarim Pasha (1848)  • Mustafa Reshid Pasha (1848–1852)  • Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha (1852)  • Mustafa Reshid Pasha (1852)  • Mehmed Emin Aali Pasha (1852) • Damad Mehmed Ali Pasha (1852–1853) • Mustafa Naili Pasha (1853–1854)  • Kıbrıslı Mehmed Emin Pasha (1854)  • Mustafa Reshid Pasha (1854–1855)  • Mehmed Emin Aali Pasha (1855–1856) • Mustafa Reshid Pasha (1856–1857) • Mustafa Naili Pasha (1857)  • Mustafa Reshid Pasha (1857–1858)  • Mehmed Emin Aali Pasha (1858–1859)  • Kıbrıslı Mehmed Emin Pasha (1859)  • Mehmed Rushdi Pasha (1859–1860)  • Kıbrıslı Mehmed Emin Pasha (1860–1861)  • Mehmed Emin Aali Pasha (1861)  • Mehmed Fuad Pasha (1861–1866)  • Yusuf Kamil Pasha (1863)  • Mehmed Fuad Pasha (1863–1866)  • Mehmed Rushdi Pasha (1866–1867)  • Mehmed Emin Aali Pasha (1866–1871)  • Mahmud Nedim Pasha (1871–1872)  • Midhat Pasha (1872)  • Mehmed Rushdi Pasha (1872–1873)  • Ahmed Esad Pasha (1873)  • Şirvanlızade Mehmed Rüşdi Pasha (1873–1874)  • Hüseyin Avni Pasha (1874–1875)  • Ahmed Esad Pasha (1875)  • Mahmud Nedim Pasha (1875–1876)  • Mehmed Rushdi Pasha (1876–1876)  • Midhat Pasha (1876–1877)  • Ibrahim Edhem Pasha (1877–1878)  • Ahmed Hamdi Pasha (1878)  • Ahmed Vefik Pasha (1878)  • Mehmed Sadık Pasha (1878)  • Mehmed Rushdi Pasha (1878)  • Saffet Pasha (1878)  • Hayreddin Pasha (1878–1879)  • Ahmed Arifi Pasha (1879)  • Mehmed Said Pasha (1879–1880)  • Kadri Pasha (1880)  • Mehmed Said Pasha (1880–1882)  • Abdurrahman Nureddin Pasha (1882)  • Mehmed Said Pasha (1882)  • Ahmed Vefik Pasha (1882)  • Mehmed Said Pasha (1882–1885) • Kâmil Pasha (1885–1891)  • Ahmed Cevat Pasha(1891–1895)  • Mehmed Said Pasha (1895)  • Kâmil Pasha (1895)  • Halil Rifat Pasha (1895–1901)  • Mehmed Said Pasha (1901–1903)  • Mehmed Ferid Pasha (1903–1908) • Mehmed Said Pasha (1908)  • Kâmil Pasha (1908–1909) •  • Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha (1909)  • Ahmed Tevfik Pasha (1909) • Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha (1909–1910) • Ibrahim Hakki Pasha (1910–1911)  • Mehmed Said Pasha (1911–1912)  • Gazi Ahmed Muhtar Pasha (1912)  • Kâmil Pasha (1912–1913) • Mahmud Shevket Pasha (1913) • Said Halim Pasha (1913–1917)  • Mehmed Talat Pasha (1917–1918)  • Ahmed Izzet Pasha (1918)  • Ahmed Tevfik Pasha (1918–1919)  • Damad Ferid Pasha (1919)  • Ali Riza Pasha (1919–1920)  • Salih Hulusi Pasha (1920) • Damad Ferid Pasha (1920) • Ahmed Tevfik Pasha (1920–1922)
Seamen of the Ottoman Empire
Kapudan Pashas
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